The Relationship between Parental Influence and Juvenile Delinquency

Othello And His Tragic Flaw Essay, Research Paper Disasters every now and again center around an awful saint who has a deformity that at long last leads to his ruin. That imperfection is regularly alluded to as an awful deformity that is natural to the individual and can reflect his experience. In Aristotle # 8217 ; s Poeticss, he talks about the hypothesis of disaster and what standard is key in an perfect cataclysm. Orchestrating to Aristotle, the shocking deformity is the most of import segment of the saint and the occasions that happen in the work is a thought of that deformity. In William Shakespeare # 8217 ; s Othello, Othello is an top of the line delineation of an Aristotelean shocking saint. His gullibility and green-looked at beast are the central ground of his ruin. Othello exchanges with affection bound as a result of gullibility and green-peered toward beast. Aristotle # 8217 ; s hypothesis of catastrophe, found in the Poetics, exchanges with the highlights of dramatizations that make them a genuine disaster, and highlights are other than irreplaceable in giving shows their genuine meaning of a cataclysm. We will compose a custom article test on Othello And His Tragic Flaw Essay Research or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Blending to Aristotle, the life and mind of cataclysm is mystery plan. Episodes in the mystery plan have the best outcome on the off chance that they happen suddenly, and in actuality of each other. An incredible cataclysm grasps the crowd with the mystery plan. Aristotle other than states that the feeling of the unavoidable must be available in cataclysm. The grievous legend is other than another of import factor in an Aristotelean catastrophe. The main character must be baronial, have a higher height than most work powers, and have preferable characteristics over optional characters. Notwithstanding, the main character should other than show his abandons. The majority of import bit of an Aristotelean appalling saint is the terrible deformity. He should hold that imperfection for a mind-blowing duration and it will play the essential capacity in his ruin, while mirroring his experience. Another part of the main character is that he is pulverized without anyone else, non by others, terrible luck, or debasement. These are the norms important to be named a perfect disaster and Othello meets that models. The boss character, Othello, is a traditional outline of a grievous saint, and he has the essential components that coordinate him up to be a genuine legend characterized by Aristotle. Othello, being a fighter for his entire life, is viewed as an extremely legitimate man.. His rubric altogether, senator general, presents a quality of gentry, affirmation, and quality. The rubric characterizes individual who is held in colossally high respect by the individuals of Venice. During Act 1, Scene 3, the Duke and a couple of Senators are talking issues around a plain cluster when Othello goes into the room. It # 8217 ; s clear that Othello is held in high respect when, as he enters, one of the representatives territories Here comes Brabantio and the valorous Moor ( 47 ) . Othello # 8217 ; s affirmation in himself, another of his positive properties, is unmistakably depicted as he safeguards himself and his late marriage to Desdemona, the young lady of the Venetian Senator Barbantio. With all due respect, he connects himself with one of the extraordinary 1s of the universe. He other than shows affirmation in himself and his activities when Brabantio, Desdemona # 8217 ; s shocked male parent, blames the Moor for witchery. His height, that of a tall, dull, African Moor, joined with his own attractive fascination, help him in inferring the respect and duty of the Venetian individuals and representatives. The respect of the individuals is brought Forward in Act 1, Scene 2, when Montano, the Governor of Cyprus, is anticipating the coming to of Othello # 8217 ; s transport, following a solid tempest adrift, and remarks he has # 8220 ; served him # 8221 ; and the grown-up male [ Othello ] orders/Like a full officer # 8221 ; ( 35-36 ) . He other than alludes to him as the # 8220 ; climate Othello # 8221 ; ( 38 ) . Othello is other than held in respect by his work powers, the officers, and all through the dramatization is alluded to as a # 8220 ; commander, # 8221 ; a term Britnee Jade 2 continued from Roman occasions which portrays a boss of an organization of work powers, or a purported # 8220 ; troopers warrior # 8221 ; . He is a demonstrated pioneer of work powers and known for his military discernment and achievements. His soldierlike ways are a result of working a military limit since the early age of seven. Respect, courage, a solid confidence in confidence, discretion and sound judgment are a couple of Othello # 8217 ; s other positive properties depicted in the show. His affirmation in himself and his grit are plainly clear when Othello makes a base before Brabantio, Roderigo and Iago, when following the drawing of their edges, Othello, rather than withdrawing in the face of threat jokes # 8220 ; Keep up your brilliant cutting edges, for the dew will erode them # 8221 ; ( 59-60 ) . Shakespeare keeps on depicting Othello as an all around regarded Ruler all through his dramatization, from get bringing down to stop. Shakespeare other than appears a delicate side when he shows Othello # 8217 ; s love and confirmation in his wedded lady Desdemona. In Act 1 Scene 3, Othello endows his wedded lady to the consideration of another honorable man and his wedded lady as he should make a trip off to war in Cyprus. The depended grown-up male and his wedded lady proceed to be his old buddy Iago and his wedded lady Emilia. Othello shows his trust and affirmation in the two his wedded lady and his official [ Iago ] when he remarks to Iago # 8220 ; to his [ Iago s ] movement I appoint my wedded lady # 8221 ; ( 286 ) . His dependability make him an incredibly regarded person. Through nobility, respect, love, and trust, Othello is viewed as an legitimate and commendable grown-up male. Be that as it may, Othello # 8217 ; s foundation was unsophisticated, and would every now and again sway his demeanor. Othello is a person who is guiltless and base in nature. He was impacted by the way his life was going on. Othello # 8217 ; s proclamation, His naiveté and insufficiency of enlightenment is uncovered in this proclamation. # 8220 ; Perdition get my mind however I do adore thee. Furthermore, when I love thee non, mayhem is come back once more. # 8221 ; ( move 3, Sc. 3, line 100 ) , demonstrated that he felt his life was only all together on the off chance that he is cherished. The individuals around Othello other than knew about his mentality. Iago was extremely quick to see this. In his first monolog, Iago said # 8220 ; the Moor is of a free and loosened nature that thinks work powers genuine that however appear to be so. # 8221 ; ( 1,3,442 ) Iago knew about Othello # 8217 ; s fizzling. Othello # 8217 ; s simpleness and shamefulness makes him vulnerable to being sabotaged by individuals. Iago other than uncovers his program to use the Moor # 8217 ; s gullibility against him. Othello is obviously a person who accepts visual viewpoints versus world. At the point when Othello was told about an issue among Desdemona and Cassio, he begun to go avaricious. Bing that person who accepts visual perspectives, he needed optic pertinent proof of Desdemona # 8217 ; s treachery. Indeed, even a shallow piece of grounds would hold been adequate. In his announcement, # 8220 ; Give me an actual existence ground she is traitorous. # 8221 ; ( 3,3,446 ) , Othello uncovered that he would accept in anything he saw. This is an away from of his gullibility and that visual angles can gull him. Othel lo’s words is the understood in explanation that decided his emotions. The lamentable imperfection of guilelessness would take his emotions to do awful decisions. The entirety of his highlights made him an unmistakable Aristotelean terrible legend. Othello # 8217 ; s terrible imperfection of gullibility is uncovered all through the class of the show. He other than built up a green-looked at beast that was brought about by his guilelessness. Iago is the quickening agent of Othello # 8217 ; s gained green-peered toward beast. His conspiring was dispensed upon the unsuspicious Othello all through the dramatization. Iago # 8217 ; s indecency was organized on using falsenesss and allusions to play on Othello # 8217 ; s guilelessness. Iago showed up as a fair homo being, Britnee Jade 3 yet, in world he was an abhorrent person. Iago made a snare that was simple purchased in to by Othello. Iago knows Othello # 8217 ; s deformities and exploits them. Othello # 8217 ; s guilelessness is extremely clear to Iago, and his free and loosened nature makes him powerless against being deceived by Iago. Iago # 8217 ; s knowledge peruse Othello # 8217 ; s ignobility. At the point when the underlying gossip of an issue between Desdemona and Cassio was embedded in Othello # 8217 ; s caput, Iago developed his trust with the Moor by expressing, # 8220 ; O, be careful, my Godhead of green-peered toward beast! It is the desirous beast which doth mock the meat it benefits from. # 8221 ; ( 3,3,195 ) Iago, being a grown-up male of achievements and quick ones, bewares Othello of the threats of green-peered toward beast # 8230 ; a similar green-looked at beast being imparted in Othello by Iago. He purposefully plays off of Othello # 8217 ; s guilelessness all through the dramatization. Othello # 8217 ; s guilelessness persuaded lies and insinuations by Iago. Othello is overpowered by the entirety of the allusions and lies. Othello # 8217 ; s guilelessness, his lamentable imperfection, is the hidden ground of his ruin. Othello at long last becomes surpassed with the entirety of the green-looked at beast that is in his head. The contention among adoration and disdain going on in Othello # 8217 ; s head is unmistakably found in the st

History of Culture tissue propagation Research Paper

History of Culture tissue spread - Research Paper Example The period going from 1940s to 1960s denoted the advancement of the enhancements of the current innovations previously utilized and the new advances. This prompted tissue culture application in regions, for example, cell conduct including digestion, cytology, embryogenesis, sustenance, pathology and morphogenesis; clonal proliferation; plant adjustment and improvement, item arrangement, and pathogen free plants and germplasm stockpiling. The start of the 1990s demonstrated a nonstop extension in the vitro innovation applications to the expanding number of types of plants. Cell culture has since stayed a crucial apparatus in the region of natural chemistry and fundamental plant science, farming biotechnology and atomic science (Singh and Srivastava, 2006). This paper looks to talk about the historical backdrop of plant tissue culture, the turn of events and huge data on plant tissue culture. Tissue culture started as right on time as 1838 with the hypothesis of the cell by Schwann and Schleiden. The absolute first methodology of an investigation was attempted vainly in 1902 by Haberlandt. After the achievement of Carrel with the creature cells, inspiring outcomes were accomplished on plant tissues in 1934 by Gautheret and the issue was illuminated autonomously in 1939 by White, Nobecourt, and Gautheret. The advancement of tissue culture was eased back since the new field just pulled in scarcely any people. In 1954 in any case, the foremost parts of plant tissue culture were opened: there were concentrates on cell culture, tissue culture, expertness of vegetative engendering and organ arrangement, improvement of supplements, development of substances, use of obsessive issues, and endeavors to accomplish optional items. In 1966, Guha and Maheshwari started the androgenesis, as Kuster’s pioneer endeavors on the protoplast combination was achieved and uncovered countl ess examinations. In the long run throughout the previous ten years, there has been a genuine blast of plant tissue culture and at present

Life Balance

How to Achieve A Good Work/Life Balance We hear the phrase work/life balance so often that its easy to gloss over it rather than digging into what it really means. Unfortunately, like many things that are easy to overlook (eating well and exercising, for instance), not having work/life balance can be quite dangerous for our health and wellbeing. The Dangers of Not Having Balance You can go one of two ways when youre out of balance: too much life, or too much work. The dangers of too much life in your equation are fairly obvious: if youre not working enough, you risk not producing results, producing lower-quality work, struggling to grow your business, or even losing your job. It seems more common to go the other way, though. Many of us end up spending too much time at work, not making enough time to relax and strengthen our relationships with friends and family. And this is where things get dangerous for our health. Research has found those who overwork (that is, work 55 hours or more in a week) have a 33% higher risk of stroke when compared to those who work fewer than 40 hours per week. Overworked employees who do manual labor or other non-white-collar jobs also have a 30% higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Those who work less than 40 hours, on the other hand, fall asleep faster and get more sleep overall. Researchers suggest this may be because working more gives us less time to relax and wind down for sleep, but increases our requirements for relaxation time. And since overworked employees get less sleep, they also attract downsides of being tired. When were tired we tend to misread other peoples emotions and pick fights more oftenâ€"neither of which are conducive to communication and productivity in the workplace. You might be thinking the downsides dont apply to you, or even if they do, theyre worth the trade-off for higher productivity. But working more doesnt actually lead to higher productivity in most cases. Theres a reason, for instance, that we tend to work eight hours a day, five days a week. Most studies and business experiments have found this to be the most effective spread of working hours for productivity. In the past it was common to work up to seven days a week and more than ten hours per day. But Henry Ford wasnt happy to settle for what everyone else was doing. He wanted to find the optimal spread of working hours to achieve the most efficient production output possible. After experimenting with different working weeks, Ford found that his workers produced at least as much output in five-day working weeks as they did when they worked for six days. Ernst Abbé, head of a German factory, was also interested in experimenting to find a more efficient working week for his employees. He tested shortening the workday from nine hours to eight, and found that production actually increased when his employees worked fewer hours. If youre still thinking that overworking isnt unhealthy in your case, you might be falling prey to the grip of crunch mode, during which we tend to overestimate how much work were getting done. We also overestimate how good our work is when were in crunch mode. Productivity is harder to quantify for knowledge workers than it was for people like Abbé and Ford measuring factory output. But even if youre struggling to measure exactly how much youre getting done, if youre at work for more than 55 hours every week, its likely that youre increasing your health risks and damaging your sleep quality. How To Achieve Balance So if you are thinking you need to improve the balance between your work and life, how do you go about it? Writer James Clear suggests using the four burners theory for thinking about the different areas of your life. Imagine four burners on a stove that represent these four areas of your life: Family Friends Health Work Now heres the problem: the theory suggests that to be successful, you have to turn off at least one burner. To be very successful, says Clear, you have to turn off two burners. Because we cant be everywhere at once, were forced to choose between these areas when we decide how to spend our time. If we dont choose where to focus our time, we end up with sub-par results in all areas, says Clear: Of course, you are free to divide your time equally among all four burners, but you have to accept that you will never reach your full potential in any given area. But of course none of us wants to give up any of these areas of our lives. So how can we use this theory to find a way to balance all four burners? Clear has three different suggestions for balancing your burners. The first is to outsource some of your burners. For instance, hiring a nanny or babysitter is outsourcing your family burner. Hiring employees or automating your business is outsourcing your work burner. Clear notes, however, that while outsourcing a burner keeps it running, its not necessarily the most meaningful way to keep that burner going. If we can, wed all like to put our own energy into the things we enjoy, like spending time with our family or growing our businesses, rather than outsourcing those efforts. Another option Clear suggests is to become more efficient in how you spend time on each burner. That could mean automating some areas of your business, planning how you spend your time more carefully, or spending most of your time on the activities that provide the biggest return for each burner. Since youre limited in how much time you have overall, maximizing your efficiency can help you get more out of the little time you can spend on each burner. Clears final suggestion is to focus on different burners in seasonal periods. Thinking of your time as being broken into seasons, you can let one or two burners turn off (or slow down) while you focus on others, knowing that youll change your focus when youre ready to start a new season. A season could be weeks, months, or years long, which is helpful for not having to make lifelong commitments to which burners youre turning off. The importance of your burners may change throughout life, says Clear. If youre worried about not focusing on all four burners, the seasonal approach can help you find times to focus on each burner in turn. Since the holiday season is coming up for many of us, for instance, that might be a short period where you turn off the work burner and focus on your family and friends burners. After the holiday period is over, you might find your health burner is needing some love if your holiday season includes eating as well as mine does! You can do it all in a lifetime, but not at the same damn time. â€" James Clear Another option Clear doesn’t mention is to combine your burners. If you’re lucky enough, you might be able to work on a couple of burners at the same time. That’s the case at MeisterLabs, the company behind MeisterTask, where built-in exercise programs allow employees to work on both their “work” and “health” burners in a normal workday. MeisterLabs CEO Michael Hollauf told me combining work and exercise was the impetus for creating the MeisterLabs running club: We already knew that staying active is good for physical health and emotional wellbeing, reducing for example the risk of developing stress or anxiety. We also knew that our team had family commitments and other obligations outside of work (e.g. that latest Netflix series) which can make fitting in regular exercise tricky. When I stumbled across a study which found that exercising while at work actively boosts productivity levels, we decided to act on it. Of course, some of you might be thinking (as I was when I first found out about this initiative) that this approach excludes anyone who can’t or won’t use running as a way to improve their health. But the MeisterLabs team thought of that, too: This went down great but excluded some team members who didn’t fancy the distance, so we recently set up a yoga class with an external instructor too, held here at our office on Mondays and Fridays. This has proven even more popular … and with the yoga beginning at a very basic level, offering different position options for different abilities, there’s something for everyone. While we’re not all lucky enough to have an exercise club at work, some workplaces offer other ways to combine your burners, such as day care in the building letting you get some family time breaks throughout the workday, or flexible work so you can work from home and see your family throughout the day. Work smarter, not longer. Discover MeisterTask Discover MeisterTask What if Balance Isnt the Right Approach At All? Now that Ive talked all about finding balance, Im going to throw a spanner in the works. The point of finding balance is to separate work and life so you can fit in both comfortably. But some people think this isnt even possible. The truth is work and life collide and cannot be easily separated. â€" Shawn Murphy According to Shawn Murphy, CEO and founder of Switch Shift, work and life cant be separated, and we only frustrate ourselves by trying. Wharton professor Stewart Friedman agrees. Friedman suggests that we have four domains of life, similar to the four burners theory. His four domains include: work/school home/family community/society mind/body/spirt These are pretty close to the categories of the four burner theory, but the difference is Friedman says we dont have to give any of these up. He suggests we can live an integrated life and be satisfied in all these areas. In fact, research on the difference between trying to integrate different areas of your life shows this is more healthy than trying to separate those areas. The reason is related to something called cognitive role transition. According to management researcher David Burkus, cognitive role transition is what happens when youre actively engaged in one role, but experience thoughts of [sic] feelings related to a different role. If youve ever felt a nagging feeling to check your work email during dinner with your family, or to pay your rent while youre at work, thats cognitive role transition. And heres the strange thing: the more you try to separate work and life, the worse the effects of these transitions. A study of over 600 workers found people who didnt try to strictly separate work and life made more cognitive role transitions, but the transitions didnt affect them too much. For those who did try to separate work and life strictly, they experienced fewer transitions but those transitions depleted their energy and hurt their work performance a lot more. David Burkus said of the study, the more frequent role transitions makes [sic] it easier for those individuals to push the thought out of their mind with less willpower. For more productivity tips, check out our post on How to write a better to do list and get more done. This can all get a little confusing, because there are so many different points of view. But if we focus on what the research shows, we know that overworking is bad for our health and our productivity. Research has also shown us that trying to strictly separate work and life can backfire by making the crossover between the two more harmful to our productivity and wellbeing. Beyond the research, it’s up to us to experiment and decide for ourselves what works best. We can use the four burner theory James Clear suggests and look for ways to split our time between family, friends, work, and our health. That might mean focusing on different burners in seasons, combining burners when we can, or outsourcing some burners. On the other hand, some people believe work and life can’t be separated, and research shows that those who let them blend together tend to be healthier and perform better. Their approach is to let the lines between life and work blur a little more, so we can avoid the nagging feeling of one area while trying to focus on another. Whether we can have it all and still be successful is up for debate, but the most important lesson to be learned is not to focus on only one thing for two long. Whether its work or play, too much of one leaves us feeling burned out and lacking balance.   Find balance with task management

Gender Identity in Twelfth Night - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 750 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/07/29 Category Literature Essay Level High school Topics: Twelfth Night Essay William Shakespeare Essay Did you like this example? Gender identity and alternative sexuality tend to differ, in the reading of the Twelfth Night and the Globe production, because of certain scenes with comical relief. The play portrays itself as comical due to its all male cast having both female and male characters. While the written version of the play was always less humorous, because the gender roles were set with a traditional cast of female actors for female characters. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Gender Identity in Twelfth Night" essay for you Create order According to the Bulman article, the written play and the Globe production took a true Elizabethan approach bycasting an all male cast for the production of the Twelfth Night play. The roles of Olivia and Viola in the Trevor Nunn version of the play, showed the audience a female on female homoerotic relationship between Olivia and the actress who played the role of Cesario. Which was a trait the written version, and the Globe Production, attempted to avoid by making the characters all males. According to the Bulman article, the all male production and the written version differ from the Trevor Nunn Film because of its comedic effect. The Bulman article explains, Drag is a sly parody of femininity (pg.84). The drag aspect of an all-male cast discussed in the Bulman article involved actors dressing up in drag adding certain comic benefits of drag (pg.84). The all-male comedic aspect of the play is something the Trevor Nunn film version of the play missed with the choice of a traditional cast. A scene that I believe failed to make its original point because of the traditional casting choice in the Trevor Nunn film version of the play, was the scene where Malvolio addresses Olivia about the letter. He confesses his love in the process and I believe it loses some of its humor because of the male to female interaction. A scene that was improved by the casting in the Trevor Nunn film version of the play was the scene where Viola, disguised as Cesario, began to engage in a kiss with Orsino while Feste sang a soft song in the background of the same room. We men may say more, swear more, but indeed Our shows are more than will, for still we prove Much in our vows, but little in our love. (2.4 100-105) This scene was definitely improved by traditional casting because of how awkward the situation was. It is even relatable because many heterosexual couples have experienced the awkwardness of a third wheel being involved. If I were in charge of producing a version of Shakespeares Twelfth Night I would use continue to use the Elizabethan approach to cast for the play. The reason being is that it is a remarkable experience when so many people are on board with this type of a production. The Bulman article touches on this a bit when it is explained how much more casual and in the norm these types of productions were to people of the era. It was originally supposed to include children, but because of the taboo aspect of the scenes in our westernized day in age, it would never be accepted. Same goes for the ignorance of male to male sexuality. Many viewers of these Shakespearean plays were able to truly connect and relate with these characters to a certain degree. This brings me to modern America, where we can not fully accept the way many people choose to live their lives. I suppose there are people who would like to see a more traditional approach because of the way they may view gender identity and sexuality, but I dont see an issue in the latter. Although a traditional cast does make gender identities easier for first time viewers to understand, it sacrifices the humor elements in the play that are addressed more directly in an all- male cast production. The humor in the play would diminish completely if it werent for the play containing an all male cast, and would seem perplexed and in some parts, unnecessary. In reference to characters that I would develop better, I would probably have to chose the random towns people throughout the play. They are introduced but have only a small role in the play. While they are trying to commit murder at one point, I feel like that gives them enough of a reason to develop their characters.They provide comedic relief in the play where some might feel uncomfortable in other scenes. This provides a sort of compromise so that it can appeal to a larger audience.

Marketing plan Essay - 1269 Words

1. Background Innisfree is a natural brand that shares the benefits of nature from the pristine island of Jeju allowing for vibrant beauty and pursues an eco-friendly green life to preserve the balance of nature. Innisfree’s snail mask, which is our new product, is this marketing plan’s character. Snail Mask is very popular and its market growth is stable because snail mask is very useful to protect and repair the skin. Our target market is the middle class and the reaches of customers are both female and male. Also, age distribution is about 21 to50 years old. Besides, the competition of the marketing is come from different countries such as Etude house, Nature republic in Korea, Shu uemura Shiseido in Japan and Lancà ´me, Estee lauder†¦show more content†¦People in Hong Kong have a requirement of high quality skin care product .They have confidence of the Korea brand and easy to build brand image and loyalty. Furthermore, no matter male or female, they maintain their skin by using skin care products. So we choose the target customer in Hong Kong as the product is relatively easy to enter the market and help company to earn profit. On the contrary, we do not choose the target customer in China. It is because we hope the snail can first try the temperature of a smaller market. 6. Promotion tools Advertising Endorser Invite Korean popular idols - Kang Gary and Song ji hyo. They play as Monday couple of running man which is the popular TV program in Korea and Hong Kong. As our product is suitable for both male and female, our promotion firstly focus on couples’ market of Hong Kong. Their couple’s images are suitable for promoting our product. We will ask them to come to Hong Kong to promote the snail mask. Mtr Station and Bus stop Set a poster at the light box of mtr station and bus stop. Transportation can easily contact with target market, because there are strong flows of people at each public transport confluence, The probability of contacting target customer will be increase. Facebook Because facebook is the most popular social website in the world, the number of users accounted for 16% of the world, at Hong Kong it hasShow MoreRelatedA Marketing Plan For A New Marketing Strategy966 Words   |  4 Pagesthe governmental legal requirements and, on the other hand, defines the organization’s policy administration. For a triumphant marketing plan, understanding the government legal approaches allows for efficient operation and inter-relationship with other organization. Similarly, internal legal policies allow the company to uphold its operation in a set manner. 4.0: Marketing Audit A market audit process is a tool that can never be neglected despite the situation. 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They are essentiallyRead MoreMarketing Plan For Subway Marketing1516 Words   |  7 PagesExecutive summary The marketing plan has close ties with the overall financial and business plan. This plan contents a strategy for success, and breaks it down into coherent, actionable components that will aid The Sub Shop to implement marketing activities to provide a firm return on investment. The following areas will help explain how the company plans to differentiate the business and product offering from the competition, and define the strategy that will drive its business forward. The aimRead MoreMarketing Plan1891 Words   |  8 Pagesa breakeven point in the second year after opening the store and become profitable in the third year of being in this business. In the first year, our profits will be low, due to low sales and high distribution, inventory, marketing and advertising and sales expenses. Marketing expenses will be very high in the first year. We have to inform the customers about this new product and get the consumers to try out this new concept. It will take â€Å"Just passin’ Thru† some time to build up the customer base

Contribution of the Business Sector in Philippine’s Development Free Essays

Since the end of World War II, the Philippine economy has been on an unfortunate trajectory, going from one of the richest countries in Asia (following Japan) to one of the poorest. Growth immediately after the war was rapid, but slowed over time. Years of economic mismanagement and political volatility during the Marcos regime contributed to economic stagnation and resulted in macroeconomic instability. We will write a custom essay sample on Contribution of the Business Sector in Philippine’s Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now A severe recession from 1984 through 1985 saw the economy shrink by more than 10%, and perceptions of political instability during the Aquino administration further dampened economic activity. But in recent years, the Philippine economy is slowly doing its best to increase its economic development. Due to the strong post-crisis, the Philippines continues to face challenges and must sustain to achieve economic growth. Thus, the role of business enterprises is essential in pulling up the country’s economic development. One of the biggest contributions of the business sector in Philippine’s development is through investments. They invest in society so that nobody falls out of the market. They also invest in building and maintaining capital resources to reduce cost of doing improve efficiency and invest in new and innovative technologies that create new services that promote public good. The business sector dominates the Philippine economy contributing a big part to the country’s GDP. These private enterprises hire workforce and so uplift employment rate. The Philippine business sector has demonstrated a wide range of innovative initiatives aimed at maximizing their positive social, economic and environmental impacts on the communities where they operate and on the society in general. The business sector does not only provide employment but also has a corporate social responsibility through providing opportunities for education, communications, engineering and financial supports. That is why the business sector plays an important role in the Philippine economic development. How to cite Contribution of the Business Sector in Philippine’s Development, Papers

Real Estate Software Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Real Estate Software. Answer: The real estate software Data matters to real estate businesses, but having good data matters even more. In a world that is characterized by increasing uncertainties and complexities. Making the right business decisions depends on the ability to analyze an increasing volume of information and to trust the insights obtained. This means that having good quality information is critical to a companys success. The real estate sector has long faced real problems when it comes to data availability and quality. These problems arise partly because of the very nature of the real estate industry. Much of the information firms need to manage their portfolios is held by a wide range of different, interrelated parties. From owners to property managers to appraisers, lawyers, advisors and brokers, each element in the real estate investment ecosystem holds their own piece of the data. This complex web makes it difficult to aggregate and analyze the data needed to see the full picture. Identifying the key data stakeholders can solve part of this problem. However, even when it is clear where the data can be found, there is no guarantee that each party in the chain will have collected their information in a comprehensive or consistent way. Global players face an additional problem, in that there are regional nuances and differences between asset classes in terms of the breadth and depth of data required to manage them. To manage an office portfolio in London requires different data than to manage a retail portfolio in Italy or a logistics facility in Germany. That adds further complexity to obtaining the right information in the right format from both external and internal sources. From a business model perspective, RealTec companies target the traditional inefficiencies and antiquated processes of the real estate sector. From a product innovation perspective, RealTech companies target innovative software, hardware and other core technologies, as well as advancements in building materials, fixtures, fittings and systems. Generally, RealTech companies fall into one of the following categories: Urban Planning Design Construction Search, Sales Acquisition, and Leasing Management. With the development in field of information technology, new innovative software solutions are being announced to run the business operation adequately. To help solve these data problems, I decided to come up with a real estate software programme that mainly deals with leasing and management. The business development frame softwares keep in mind the business objectives that are relevant to a real estate sector. The software program helps in making the overall structuring of data and its documentation in an easy manner, which indeed make the overall running of complicated business operation in a smooth manner. Herein, the RealTech company chooses the above-mentioned software solution for professionalized expertise knowledge, cost-efficient mechanism and customer-centric approach to secure fast and competent business units (Lpez, Santos and Montero, 2010). Since the basic requirement in real estate business is to maintain a track of areas that are vacant keeping a hard copy of the same is a cumbersome task. Also, it is difficult to keep transparency of such data. The real-estate software helps in redefining the clarity in the tracking of property details in a graphical format and also in real time with a comprehensive database. This software will help the real estate agents identify which commercial or residential leases are about to expire and which property will be open to customers soon. Many real estate companies have their data put together, and for one to check the details of a given house, they have to pull the files individually. With this software, all an agent needs is a click, and all the information is made available to them. These realtech will help the agents in processes such as; List and search services Peer-to-peer leasing Inspection management Transaction management Tenant screening Lease and revenue management Smart building platforms and artificial intelligence In-venue marketing Broker back-office and infrastructure CRM and administration elucidations Property marketing and sales solutions including social marketing and marketing automation Furthermore, the software helps in harnessing different tools, which assist agents in developing programs for meeting the specified real estate needs. As this software takes preferably less time in performing the multiple tasks and delivering apt information thus improves the overall efficiency and reducing considerable costs (Krause and Bitter, 2012). It is also a structured and planned process assisting in eliminating any form of human errors and therefore maintaining an overall consistency. Apart from these other important benefits that a business software carrier out are: Helps in handling overall management tasks efficiently It is time, cost and labour All form of data is safely secured and stored. It helps in prevention of probable human errors. The business progress is tracked efficiently. For reaping the specified benefits, it is important that right software is chosen keeping in mind the overall budget and business needs. SWOT Analysis STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES OPPORTUNITIES THREATS Solid Demographics Weak co-tenancies at ageing centres Recovering economy .will provide expansion opportunities to business. National overstored conditions High Traffic counts (Auto Access) Comparatively high Cook County taxes New uses emerging for big vacant box Wrong perception based on racial character Community incentives for development People dont like to use new technology Changing national, racial perceptions (the post-racial economy) Shrinkage of capital Parcels sized for all types of development Owners satisfied with existing conditions will not be willing to make investment for new tenants Transit access Attempts to recover sunk costs. The key strengths of employing the RealTech software help in increasing its efficiency and capitalizing the profits it seeks to provide. The strengths like solid as well as strengthening demographics showcase housing demands. The economic importance is not only the impact on real estate the fact is changing demographics of a married-working couple with children have more to do with the economic boom. The current company software is its ability to forecast the population growth and populations average income. Also, traffic count is a significant component in site selection. The software helps in reading the traffic counts and serves a guide for tallying the location effectiveness (Greenwood et al., 2010). Developers, retailers, advertisers, insurance agencies and government department benefits from the 360-degree view from traffic patterns. The traffic is measured by way of not only counting the vehicles passing by from the potent location but also gain an accurate assessment of traff ic volumes, congestion and demographics using real-time data. Moreover, when a real estate looks forward to the community for meeting its goals, often software help in stating the financial incentives that can be availed in are like grants, loan facility as well as a tax credit (Brooks and Tsolacos, 2010). The key challenge for real estate is to recognize the source of capital, compete for it effectively, negotiating best terms, structuring and overall deal and staying compliant with regulation (Urbanski and Dent, 2011). The software helps in effectively meeting those challenges with efficiency. Also, the software provides information of different form of development for instance residential area, agricultural areas, industrial areas, development areas, utility personnel, commercial areas etc. the RealTech is served with all the information regarding all types of property classification and thus makes it easier for meeting the current use standards. The assessor value can also be ascertained on the basis of the value of the property (Bouchouicha and Ftiti, 2012). Lastly, a key strength of employing software in RealTech is the transit access. As per the emerging trends currently prevailing in Real Estate is offering properties along or nearside mass transit lines. It is seen that Canadas economic strength plays a prominent role in appealing places for investors. The software plays a significant role in keeping the information about the transit access as an attractive investment in large cities. Apart from the key strengths there are nonetheless some key weaknesses also persisting from the use of software in real-estate business. As a real estate professionals acknowledge, co-tenancy as one of the most profoundly negotiated factors in the retail lease. The provision is difficult to be introduced in software as the actions cannot be controlled and rent stream could be severely affected. The choice of co-tenancy or sub-tenancy is dependent on the personal situation and thus requires permits, which makes it difficult to be inculcated in software. The next weakness is regarding the cook country taxes of current 21st century. The tax collection of the property has been standard and not in tune with the current cooks country records (Pivo and Fisher, 2011). Thus cook country in required to be integrated into new software, its data analytics and the overall organization system to make the entire process efficient as well as accurate hopefully. The absence of this technology can mak e it difficult to understand the property taxed, and the inclusion of the same can help in enhancing homeowners overall online experience and transparency. The real estate dealers are required to deal with real market property on behalf of owners. The softwares are though introduced in the sector, but its practice is not encouraged within the industry. A lot of any deals are lost due to the incompetence of agents in promptly understanding clients needs, and the software is used to make the process smooth. But lacking in providing training of software utility within the industry makes this approach ineffective (Brock and Pierce-Eislen, 2011). Also, there is seen that often owners are satisfied with existing conditions and uninterested in investing for new tenants, which makes the overall concept in vain. Lastly, it can be seen that RealTech though gains a lot of merits from the software but is not able to recover the sunk cost. Target market Agents are looking for ways to automate what they do so they can actually spend more time with their clientsnot doing paperwork or follow-ups that can and should, be automated at this point. And as such my, real estate software is what they need.Property management companies to are of late interested in automated work. They are tired of heavy loads of paperwork. For that reason, the software is very marketable with both the agents and propertymanagement companies too. Developed countries depend highly on realtech technologies. These countries include Canada, Russia, China, Britain, Australia, France, Germany, Japan and the united states. The real estate software could very well be marketable in these countries. In conclusion, organizations should work to eliminate the issue of data silos. That means designating official systems of record for critical data. Senior management should make clear which part of the business has responsibility for collecting and maintaining each data set. Competing sources of data should be eliminated through a deliberate process of retiring systems and spreadsheets or by developing integrations to feed those systems from the designated systems of record. For too long the real estate industry has accepted the problems of poor quality data and muddled through. Yet, as Arthur Nielsen, founder of AC Nielsen research, said of good data, The price of light is less than the cost of darkness. It is now time for firms in the real estate industry to take the practical steps, and make the investment required, to secure the high-quality data they need. That will help them shine a light on the critical decisions they have to make in a fast moving, highly regulated and complex world. Organizations should work to reduce reliance on spreadsheets by moving their critical data into structured and controlled databases. Historically, data warehousing has been a very expensive alternative to spreadsheets and data silos but solutions like Voyanta and other new cloud-based data management platforms are ushering in an age of affordable and fast-to-implement data warehousing for the real estate sector. And with my new software in the market, it will help improve the real estate business. References Bouchouicha, R. Ftiti, Z., (2012). Real estate markets and the macroeconomy: A dynamic coherence framework.Economic Modelling,29(5), pp.1820-1829. Brock, R.G., Pierce-Eislen, Inc., (2011). Method and system for providing real estate information. U.S. Patent 8,060,450. Brooks, C. Tsolacos, S., (2010). Real estate modelling and forecasting. Cambridge University Press. Greenwood, D., Lockley, S., Malsane, S. Matthews, J., (2010). Automated compliance checking using building information models. InThe Construction, Building and Real Estate Research Conference of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors, Paris 2nd-3rd September. RICS. Krause, A.L. Bitter, C., (2012). Spatial econometrics, land values and sustainability: Trends in real estate valuation research.Cities,29, pp.S19-S25. Lpez, V., Santos, M. Montero, J., (2010).Fuzzy specification in real estate market decision making.International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems,3(1), pp.8-20. Pivo, G. Fisher, J.D., (2011). The walkability premium in commercial real estate investments.Real Estate Economics,39(2), pp.185-219. Team, F. M. E . (2013) SWOT Analysis strategy skills. Team FME-WWW Urbanski, M.W. Dent, C.D., Heavy Hammer, Inc., (2011).Method, system, and software for geographically focused network advertising. U.S. Patent 7,958,007.

Dairy Milk Chocolate Essay Example

Dairy Milk Chocolate Paper delightful combination of milk chocolate and white chocolate. Giving consumers anexciting reason to keep coming back into the fun filled world of Cadbury. Our Journey: Cadbury Dairy Milk has been the market leader in the chocolate category for years. Andhas participated and been a part of every Indians moments of happiness, joy andcelebration. Today, Cadbury Dairy Milk alone holds 30% value share of the Indianchocolate market. In the early 90s, chocolates were seen as meant for kids, usually a reward or a bribe for  children. In the Mid 90s the category was re-defined by the very popular `Real Taste of  Life campaign, shifting the focus from `just for kids to the `kid in all of us. It appealedto the child in every adult. And Cadbury Dairy Milk became the perfect expression of  spontaneity and shared good feelings. The Real Taste of Life campaign had many memorable executions, which people stillfondly remember. However, the one with the girl dancing on the cricket field hasremained etched in everyones memory, as the most spontaneous ; un-inhibitedexpression of happiness. This campaign went on to be awarded The Campaign of the Century, in India at theAbby (Ad Club, Mumbai) awards. In the late 90s, to further expand the category, the focus shifted towards wideningchocolate consumption amongst the masses, through the Khanewalon Ko Khane Ka37 Bahana Chahiye campaign. This campaign built social acceptance for chocolateconsumption amongst adults, by showcasing collective and shared moments. More recently, the Kuch Meetha Ho Jaaye campaign associated Cadbury Dairy Milk  with celebratory occasions and the phrase Pappu Pass Ho Gaya became part of streetlanguage. We will write a custom essay sample on Dairy Milk Chocolate specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Dairy Milk Chocolate specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Dairy Milk Chocolate specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It has been adopted by consumers and today is used extensively to express joyin a moment of achievement / success. The interactive campaign for Pappu Pass Ho Gaya bagged a Bronze Lion at the  prestigious Cannes Advertising Festival 2006 for Best use of internet and new media. The idea involved a tie-up with Reliance India Mobile service and allowed students tocheck their exam results using their mobile service and encouraged those who passedtheir examinations to celebrate with Cadbury Dairy Milk. The Pappu Pass Ho Gaya campaign also went on to win Silver for The Best IntegratedMarketing Campaign and Gold in the Consumer Products category at the EFFIES 2006(global benchmark for effective advertising campaigns) awards. During the 1st World War, Cadbury Dairy Milk supported the war effort. Over 2,000male employees joined the armed forces and Cadbury sent books, warm clothes andchocolates to the front. 38 Cadburys big Bytes Kuch meetha ho jaye uggests Cadbury India, its brand ambassador Amitabh Bachchansmiling down the hoardings lined along Mumbais Marine Drive right down to thecompanys corporate head office at Mahalakshmi. While the chocolate major is waitingfor Diwali to see a turnaround in its business after the worm’s controversy, at the momentits all about driving growth for the category, which has seen a decline since the firstquarter of this year. Being the market leader in chocolates with a 70 per cent share, the company hasattempted to stretch the boundaries withi n chocolate confectionery. It has also beenadventurous in unleashing a brand new category within chocolate early this year. Introducing the concept of sweet snacking, it launched Cadbury Bytes in the south withthe positioning `Snacking ka meetha funda. The product is a crunchy wafer pillow with achoco-cream centre and is being rolled out nationally. 39 Explaining the need to introduce this new category, Bharat Puri, Managing Director,Cadbury India, says, While we were sure of our core competencies, there was need for  innovation to deliver double-digit growth. What we found was that we were under-represented in the area of snacking on the go and that there was a need for a light crunchysnack. While entry into salted snacks was ruled out, sweet snacks were the obviouschoice, and Bytes is unique to the chocolate majors Indian portfolio. Getting the right product and packaging was a challenge for the company. It has sub-contracted the product to get the volumes and is poised for a national launch. Adds Puri,After all this was the first category anywhere in the world that Cadbury was entering andwe did not have the expertise. So the best way was to test-market the product and todaywe find that it has already bagged five per cent of the chocolate market. The company has no apprehensions of cannibalization of its chocolate brands. It believesthat while its chocolates are more of indulgence products, Bytes is about snacking whenone is hungry and can be treated as a snack in between meals. The aim of this project is to evaluate the marketing strategy of Cadburys Dairy Milk. To do this, I will need to gather information about the product; I will ask a questionnaire which is a primary research method. Then I will also gain some secondary research, this will be achieved by searching the internet for information and from a product information letter from Cadbury. I will investigate all aspects of Dairy milks marketing mix, these include: product, price, promotion and place. After I have investigated these aspects I will analyse and evaluate my results from the Primary research. History of Dairy Milk and Cadbury Cadburys started as a one-man business, opened in 1824 by a Quaker, John Cadbury, in Bull Street Birmingham, was to be the foundation of Cadbury Limited, now one of the worlds largest chocolate producers. By 1831 the business had changed from a grocery shop and John Cadbury had become a manufacturer of drinking chocolate and cocoa, the start of the Cadbury manufacturing business as it is known today. Dairy Milk is a brand of chocolate bar made by Cadburys popular in the United Kingdom and around the world. It was introduced in 1905. There are a number of varieties including Fruit ; Nut and Whole Nut. And Fruit variety was available for a short time but was discontinued. In 2003 Cadburys made Dairy Milk into superbrand, bringing a number of different products under the Dairy Milk branding. For example Wispa bars were phased out and replaced by Dairy Milk with bubbles. As of 2004, there are ten varieties of Dairy Milk produced in the UK Dairy Milk Chocolate Essay Example Dairy Milk Chocolate Essay delightful combination of milk chocolate and white chocolate. Giving consumers anexciting reason to keep coming back into the fun filled world of Cadbury. Our Journey: Cadbury Dairy Milk has been the market leader in the chocolate category for years. Andhas participated and been a part of every Indians moments of happiness, joy andcelebration. Today, Cadbury Dairy Milk alone holds 30% value share of the Indianchocolate market. In the early 90s, chocolates were seen as meant for kids, usually a reward or a bribe for  children. In the Mid 90s the category was re-defined by the very popular `Real Taste of  Life campaign, shifting the focus from `just for kids to the `kid in all of us. It appealedto the child in every adult. And Cadbury Dairy Milk became the perfect expression of  spontaneity and shared good feelings. The Real Taste of Life campaign had many memorable executions, which people stillfondly remember. However, the one with the girl dancing on the cricket field hasremained etched in everyones memory, as the most spontaneous ; un-inhibitedexpression of happiness. This campaign went on to be awarded The Campaign of the Century, in India at theAbby (Ad Club, Mumbai) awards. In the late 90s, to further expand the category, the focus shifted towards wideningchocolate consumption amongst the masses, through the Khanewalon Ko Khane Ka37 Bahana Chahiye campaign. This campaign built social acceptance for chocolateconsumption amongst adults, by showcasing collective and shared moments. More recently, the Kuch Meetha Ho Jaaye campaign associated Cadbury Dairy Milk  with celebratory occasions and the phrase Pappu Pass Ho Gaya became part of streetlanguage. We will write a custom essay sample on Dairy Milk Chocolate specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Dairy Milk Chocolate specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Dairy Milk Chocolate specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It has been adopted by consumers and today is used extensively to express joyin a moment of achievement / success. The interactive campaign for Pappu Pass Ho Gaya bagged a Bronze Lion at the  prestigious Cannes Advertising Festival 2006 for Best use of internet and new media. The idea involved a tie-up with Reliance India Mobile service and allowed students tocheck their exam results using their mobile service and encouraged those who passedtheir examinations to celebrate with Cadbury Dairy Milk. The Pappu Pass Ho Gaya campaign also went on to win Silver for The Best IntegratedMarketing Campaign and Gold in the Consumer Products category at the EFFIES 2006(global benchmark for effective advertising campaigns) awards. During the 1st World War, Cadbury Dairy Milk supported the war effort. Over 2,000male employees joined the armed forces and Cadbury sent books, warm clothes andchocolates to the front. 38 Cadburys big Bytes Kuch meetha ho jaye uggests Cadbury India, its brand ambassador Amitabh Bachchansmiling down the hoardings lined along Mumbais Marine Drive right down to thecompanys corporate head office at Mahalakshmi. While the chocolate major is waitingfor Diwali to see a turnaround in its business after the worm’s controversy, at the momentits all about driving growth for the category, which has seen a decline since the firstquarter of this year. Being the market leader in chocolates with a 70 per cent share, the company hasattempted to stretch the boundaries withi n chocolate confectionery. It has also beenadventurous in unleashing a brand new category within chocolate early this year. Introducing the concept of sweet snacking, it launched Cadbury Bytes in the south withthe positioning `Snacking ka meetha funda. The product is a crunchy wafer pillow with achoco-cream centre and is being rolled out nationally. 39 Explaining the need to introduce this new category, Bharat Puri, Managing Director,Cadbury India, says, While we were sure of our core competencies, there was need for  innovation to deliver double-digit growth. What we found was that we were under-represented in the area of snacking on the go and that there was a need for a light crunchysnack. While entry into salted snacks was ruled out, sweet snacks were the obviouschoice, and Bytes is unique to the chocolate majors Indian portfolio. Getting the right product and packaging was a challenge for the company. It has sub-contracted the product to get the volumes and is poised for a national launch. Adds Puri,After all this was the first category anywhere in the world that Cadbury was entering andwe did not have the expertise. So the best way was to test-market the product and todaywe find that it has already bagged five per cent of the chocolate market. The company has no apprehensions of cannibalization of its chocolate brands. It believesthat while its chocolates are more of indulgence products, Bytes is about snacking whenone is hungry and can be treated as a snack in between meals. The aim of this project is to evaluate the marketing strategy of Cadburys Dairy Milk. To do this, I will need to gather information about the product; I will ask a questionnaire which is a primary research method. Then I will also gain some secondary research, this will be achieved by searching the internet for information and from a product information letter from Cadbury. I will investigate all aspects of Dairy milks marketing mix, these include: product, price, promotion and place. After I have investigated these aspects I will analyse and evaluate my results from the Primary research. History of Dairy Milk and Cadbury Cadburys started as a one-man business, opened in 1824 by a Quaker, John Cadbury, in Bull Street Birmingham, was to be the foundation of Cadbury Limited, now one of the worlds largest chocolate producers. By 1831 the business had changed from a grocery shop and John Cadbury had become a manufacturer of drinking chocolate and cocoa, the start of the Cadbury manufacturing business as it is known today. Dairy Milk is a brand of chocolate bar made by Cadburys popular in the United Kingdom and around the world. It was introduced in 1905. There are a number of varieties including Fruit ; Nut and Whole Nut. And Fruit variety was available for a short time but was discontinued. In 2003 Cadburys made Dairy Milk into superbrand, bringing a number of different products under the Dairy Milk branding. For example Wispa bars were phased out and replaced by Dairy Milk with bubbles. As of 2004, there are ten varieties of Dairy Milk produced in the UK

Constitution Discussion Example

Constitution Discussion Example Constitution Discussion – Book Report/Review Example Athens and Sparta have similarities and differences in their Constitution which became a basis of our democracy today. One of the similarities of the two that is present today in our Constitution is the idea of check and balance where there is no central omnipotent authority. The Spartans have two kings to have checks and balance with five Ephors. Athens on the other hand has all sort of people in their democracy from aristocrats to commoners. They are represented through a democracy where people were men were grouped into a boule of 400 men which forms part of legislation assembly who would recommend their crafted laws to Solon. Solon distrusted the aristocracy because they do not best represent the people hence is the Athenian assembly. Of the two systems, I believe that the Athenian democracy better than the oligarchic constitution of Sparta. Athenian democracy is better because it has representation from the common people where they have a voice in the government. In the Spartan oligarchy, commoners have no say in the government and the affairs of the state is restricted to the two kings and his Ephors, which is why oligarchy is associated with the rule of the few. This is also in reply to the post which contended that Spartan oligarchy is better than Athenian democracy. It forgot to mention that the aristocratic nature of representation was reformed by Solon because he distrusted the Areopagus and its aristocrat members. Instead he created the boules which are a council of 400 men to form an assembly or congress. Checks and balance is better this way than an oligarchy that is only composed of two kings and his Ephors where the people had no represetation.

Fieldwork GPS report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fieldwork GPS report - Essay Example The first type is the Total Station, which is classic equipment and is not only a GPS system. The other two types of equipment used are the Trimble Juno SB handheld and Leica antenna. These two types of equipment are used in similar ways to position points, but the Leica antenna is more accurate and expensive. On the other hand, the Trimble is cheaper than the Leica antenna. This report will show how the devices can be used and a comparison between all three based on the results each type of equipment’s accuracy. Aim: To understand how GPS systems work by using different types of equipment, and to know which device is most accurate. List of equipment: GPS Leica antenna Total Station GPS Trimble Juno SB handheld Explanation and results of fieldwork: (Figure 1: Wild Park area from Google maps) The field work was conducted at Wild Park in Brighton (Figure 1). The first step was set two points as references by using Leica antenna GPS devices. The benefit of these two points is to make the work more accurate. The group started with using a handheld Trimble for each student. Firstly, we opened the device and added information to it. We then made a line across the valley. Finally, each student took random points to show the land in the valley. The map for the points was done using the geographical information system ARCGIS programme, and the results are shown on this one map for the points and contours as well as a 3d map (Figure 3): (Figure 2: Contours map of Trimble device) (Figure 3: 3d map of Trimble handheld points using ARCGIS programme) The second lot of work was done through using a Lieca antenna device. For this step, we only used one piece of equipment. We started by taking points across the valley. Then, random points were taken. The map used ARCGIS programme; one map is a contours map (Figure 4) and the other is a 3d map (Figure 5). (Figure 4: Contours map of antenna GPS points) (Figure 5: 3d map of antenna points) The last piece of equipment used w as a total station. Through this device, two lines across the valley were taken. One line went across the valley, while the other line went the length of the valley. The points of the total station are presented in a diagram by using Excel and the ArcGIS programme of the Wild Park valley (Figure 6 and 7). (Figure 6: Diagram from Excel file of total station points) (Figure 7: Image of total station points using the ARCGIS programme) Discussion and comparisons between the three devices and methods: The Trimble Juno handheld and antenna dGPS devices used a GPS system to show the points on the map. The system used three satellites to present the easting, northing, and latitude, or X, Y and Z of the points. The accuracy of the position of points will be more accurate when the device uses an accurate clock and can read the signal from the satellite even when the weather is not good. The total station does not use the GPS system, and the accuracy of the points depends on the control points and if the devices have sets on it very well or not. From the points in the Excel file, the maps, which were drawn using an Arc map or arc scene programmes, and type of reading of equipment, I will make a comparison between the devices. Firstly, the Lieca antenna dGPS equipment or differential GPS is a receiver antenna (rover) that receives a signal from a station base that is reserved in a big area. The advantage from this way of using a GPS

Reconstruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reconstruction - Essay Example ved their freedom from their white masters, African Americans would celebrate their newly won liberties and rights in the years following the war – also referred by historians as the period of Reconstruction. In the book America: A Concise History by James Henretta and David Bordy, we get in-depth analysis and commentary on this crucial period in American history. We learn from the text that the Reconstruction project is largely a failure. The acceding of eleven defeated Southern states into the Union was going to be a highly challenging process due to cultural and political dissimilarities between the two former warring groups. Indeed, the non-viability of this proposition had what ultimately led to the abandonment of Reconstruction efforts; and much of the bipartisanship seen in American politics today is proof of this deep division in the countrys social and political makeup. Immediately after the Civil War an atmosphere of euphoria prevailed, when intellectuals and common people alike dreamt of a radically new American society. But as the initial excitement of the Reconstruction era faded out, people came to the realization that old, established institutions would not change readily. In many ways the Civil Rights movement that occurred a century later was a reaction to the failure of the Reconstruction project. In this sense, the progress of American society was effectively held back for a hundred

Eating Disorders: A Psychological Perspective

Eating Disorders: A Psychological Perspective Historically, eating disorders such as Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa were misunderstood to be a consequence of an individuals desire to be thin. However, it is now known that they are in fact distinct, self-maintaining psychological disorders with multiple causes. The purpose of this essay was to describe the various psychological causes, effects and treatments of eating disorders although it was also felt to be appropriate to acknowledge the physical, biological and social aspects of such disorders. Its purpose was also to raise the awareness of male eating disorders and demonstrate that such cases have been seen to increase. In order to gather appropriate and non-biased information a range of resources have been used. These include: factual literature, journals, studies, newspaper articles, sufferers personal accounts and notes taken from professional lectures. The extensive research confirmed that eating disorders are in fact psychological disorders and evidenced the fact t hat not only do males suffer too, the prevalence of reported cases has been seen to be increasing. Eating Disorders: A Psychological Perspective For some people, their lives are a constant battle between their diet, their appearance and their emotions; with each pound lost, I was becoming more acceptable to the world (Harvey, 2007). Eating disorders are often mentioned within the media but scarcely spoken about in great detail, which has resulted in stereotypes and misperceptions being made about what eating disorders are as well as what they mean for the individual. One such stereotype is that sufferers are predominantly women who have the desire to be skinny. However, it is becoming increasingly recognised that eating disorders can develop in anyone and are often coping strategies for dealing with difficult emotions through gaining control over an aspect of an individuals life. Consequently, this essay aims to enhance peoples understanding of eating disorders by presenting a psychological account of their development, impact and treatment within individuals. This will be achieved by focussing on two eating disorders in particular, Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa, although other eating disorders will be considered where appropriate. Firstly, a history of these eating disorders will be presented leading to how they are conceptualised and defined today within the current diagnostic system. Secondly, this essay will discuss the potential causes of eating disorders in order to gain an understanding of the common underlying issues, which are potential contributing factors to the development of an eating disorder. Thirdly, the consequences of an eating disorder for both the sufferer and their family will be discussed before exploring an emerging awareness of eating disorders amongst men. Lastly this essay will present the treatments used today in the manageme nt of an eating disorder. It is hoped that this discussion of eating disorders from a psychological perspective will equip the reader with the knowledge and understanding required to challenge any previously held stereotypes and misconceptions of eating disorders. Historically, the behaviours associated with todays eating disorders were not uncommon, or pathologised. For example, there are numerous records of wilful, ritual fasting, which served specific purposes such as to receive some trance-like state that was a medium for sacred visions. Fasting was also used as a means of penance or purification (Bemporad, 1996). Purging was also present during the time of the Ancient Romans. Within this time it was not uncommon for the Ancient Romans to excuse themselves from a banquet, to purge and then return to continue feasting. It is also understood through Egyptian hieroglyphics that the Egyptians used purging as a safety measure against illness and would therefore purge monthly (Engel et al, 2007). Therefore it can be seen that historically, behaviours such as fasting and purging were a part of society and therefore normalised by the social and cultural context that existed then. However society along with its cultural norms has changed rapidly. Accompanying these changes were changing views about peoples behaviour. For example, during the reformation era, women who starved themselves were thought to be possessed by the devil, later they were thought to be frauds seeking notoriety and lastly they were seen as being physically and mentally ill (Brumberg, 1988). Accordingly, the first diagnosis of Anorexia Nervosa was in the case of a wealthy Roman female who starved herself for the sake of spiritual beliefs. However, the first official medical diagnosis was seen in England during the 1680s in the case of a twenty-year-old female where it was said that sadness was the cause of her starvation (Engel et al, 2007). In 1874, Anorexia Nervosa (nervous loss of appetite) was given its name by physician Sir William Gull (Ogden, 2010, p211). He was the first to recognise that such conditions should be considered a mental illness (Engel et al, 2007). However it wasnt until the 1930s that other professionals came to agree that eating disorders were often a result of an emotional or psychological struggle rather than being driven by the desire to be physically thin (Engel et al, 2007). Today, there are a range of known eating disorders including: Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, Binge Eating Disorder, Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified and exercise disorders such as, Bigorexia and Compulsive Exercising (Anorexia Athletica and Obligatory Exercise) (Nemours, 2013). These eating disorders each have their own set of diagnostic criteria, which are outlined within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). This framework is commonly used by professionals to diagnose and treat individuals with different types of eating disorders. Anorexia Nervosa is an eating disorder based upon the control of the way an individual looks and the foods they eat. It is thought that sufferers of this disorder strive to be thin because it results in a sense of self-worth and acceptance (MFMER, 2012a); this belief is potentially a result of the medias portrayal of the average person in society today. A sufferer of Anorexia Nervosa tends to be extremely cautious about the amount of calories they consume and their diets are often restricted. This is believed to provide the sufferer with a sense of control and provides a focus for their thoughts; distracting them from difficult emotions they may be trying to avoid. In terms of the official diagnosis of Anorexia Nervosa, the DSM states that there must be: the refusal to maintain a normal weight for the individuals height and age, an intense fear of weight gain even though the individual is already underweight, distorted body image and the absence of a minimum of three consecutive mens trual cycles (APA, 1987, p.67). Women with a BMI lower than 17.5 and displaying physical or psychological aspects stated within the diagnostic criteria will be diagnosed with Anorexia Nervosa (Abraham Llewellyn-Jones, 2001, p.28) and subsequently referred for treatment or therapy. Anorexia Nervosa is split into two types, purging and non-purging/restricting (Ogden, 2010, p.212). Non-purging anorexics solely restrict their diets whereas purging anorexics will restrict their diets and also binge on food and proceed to purge. It is thought that up to 50% of Anorexia Nervosa sufferers engage in binging and purging behaviours (Franco, ND). Common physical symptoms experienced by sufferers of Anorexia Nervosa include: severe weight loss, the growth of fine hair over the body, dizziness, low blood pressure, constipation, and loss of periods and a sense of tiredness but the inability to sleep (Beat, 2010). Psychologically, sufferers often develop inflexible and negative ways of thinking ab out themselves, believing that they are overweight or fat when in fact they are underweight. Behavioural symptoms may include secrecy and self-exclusion during meal times, quietness and withdrawal from social situations. As well as restricting their eating, sufferers may also become obsessive in checking the calorie content of food and their weight. The development of Bulimia Nervosa is also recognised as a response to stressful life events (Abraham Llewellyn-Jones, 2001, p.191) and difficult emotions but conversely, the individual is believed to hold fewer concerns about their physical appearance and the desire to be accepted via thinness. When suffering from Bulimia Nervosa it is thought that an individual engages in binge eating when they feel a build up of tension or stress, as it is believed to relieve them of these sensations (Abraham Llewellyn-Jones, 2001, p.196). Although Bulimia Nervosa sufferers binge eat, they are also believed to understand that this type of disordered eating will result in weight gain. Sufferers therefore take measures to ensure that they avoid gaining weight and the most common measure taken is purging during or after a binge. This is done to prevent the absorption of energy and fats from food into the sufferers body (Abraham Llewellyn-Jones, 2001, p.197). In addition to this strategy, between 7 5 and 90 percent of Bulimia Nervosa sufferers abuse the use of laxatives during and in between purges to assure themselves that the food consumed will not be absorbed as fat (Abraham Llewellyn-Jones, 2001, p.197). It is also understood that many Bulimia sufferers choose to carry out a strict dieting regime between binges to avoid weight gain (Abraham Llewellyn-Jones, 2001 p.197); as they understand the consequences of binge-eating regularly. The diagnostic criteria for Bulimia Nervosa stated by the DSM includes: recurrent binge eating episodes (a minimum of 2 episodes per week for a minimum of 3 months), a sense of a lack of control during binge eating and frequent engagement in self-induced vomiting (APA, 1987, p.68). Although binge eating is recognised as a behaviour of Bulimia sufferers; sufferers who solely binge-eat without purging are classified as suffering from Binge Eating Disorder. As stated by the NHS (ND) the predominant symptom of Binge Eating Disorder is weight gain, which can lead to serious health problems (to be discussed further on in this essay). Sufferers of Binge Eating Disorder and Bulimia commonly experience cravings for sugary foods, headaches and pain within the stomach (NHS, ND). Psychologically, Binge Eating Disorder and Bulimia Nervosa sufferers may appear to be anxious or depressed and often display signs of a sense of guilt after eating which in the case of Bulimia, results in purges. It is important to recognise that exercise disorders often come hand in hand with other eating disorders such as Anorexia Nervosa or Bulimia Nervosa and although they will not be explored in great detail it is important to have an understanding of these disorders. Some symptoms of exercise disorders include: an increase in the amount of exercise carried out due to the belief that a gap in training will result in weight gain, compulsive setting of goals and targets, dissatisfaction after exercising and participating in exercise out of a need rather than for enjoyment. Exercise Disorders, as an accompaniment of other eating disorders (Gavin, 2010) are thought to arise from an individuals desire to gain control within their lives and as a coping strategy for difficult emotions such as depression or anger; it is thought that exercise provides a release for these emotions (Gavin, 2010). Many sufferers will go out of their way to find an excuse to be active, for example it is known that some sufferers use stairways which they ascend and descend in order to obsessively burn calories (Beumont, 2002, p.162). In order to make a diagnosis of an eating disorder, an individuals body mass index (BMI) is calculated and compared to a standard BMI chart (Abraham Llewellyn-Jones, 2001, p.28) and the individual is assessed against a set of diagnostic criteria specific to the suspected eating disorder type. For women, if their BMI is calculated to be below 17.5 and 18.5 then the individual is declared as being underweight; however, if they display signs of the diagnostic criteria then it is probable that the individual is suffering from an eating disorder of some kind (Abraham Llewellyn-Jones, 2001, p.28). Although BMI assessment is often effective, it is important to note that BMI charts fail to consider muscle weight or other individual differences such as age (Abraham Llewellyn-Jones, 2001, p.28); therefore, the results of the BMI match may be misleading. Previously eating disorders were thought to be the consequence of behavioural aspects such as the avoidance of food (Ogden, 2010, p211). However, it is now widely understood that these disorders often emerge as a coping strategy during times of emotional difficulty such as stress, anxiety, depression, anger and loneliness (Beat, 2010). This is thought to be because physical pain is much easier to deal with than emotional pain (Harvey, 2007). Sufferers obtain a sense of control during difficult times of their lives by using food as a way of coping with these difficult emotions (Ogden, 2010, p.212). However, by doing so, they suppress their issues, burying them deeper and in time, making them more difficult to face. Although eating disorders are now commonly recognised as coping strategies for psychological struggles, it is important to recognise that other factors can contribute to the onset of eating disorders. In some cases it is thought that social factors can trigger the arousal o f body dissatisfaction which commonly leads to dieting and under-eating (Ogden, 2004, p.153). For example, the media will commonly use thin females and toned males in advertising which lulls members of society into a false belief that all members of society are thin or toned (Ogden, 2004, p.148). In turn, this causes people to feel self-conscious about their differences to these idealistic body types displayed across the media, therefore creating insecurities. The family is also thought to be a social factor influencing body dissatisfaction; in particular within mother and daughter relationships whereby mothers are dissatisfied with their own bodies and trigger similar feelings in the daughter concerning her own body (Ogden, 2004, p.150). Aside from these contributing factors, studies carried out in the form of personality questionnaires have shown that sufferers of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa present signs of low self-esteem and depressive or obsessive personality types; o ften combined with neurotic tendencies (Abraham Llewellyn-Jones, 2001, p.50). These personality traits result in unstable foundations of a persons personality and are thought to contribute to causing the individual to be more susceptible to disorders. A study carried out in American, involving 300 students, has suggested that conformists are also more susceptible to eating disorders (UNSW, ND). The study involved the completion of questionnaires containing questions specifically designed to assess the students individual dietary tendencies, conformity levels and body-image related concerns (UNSW, ND). It was concluded that participants whose responses indicated a sense of isolation and rejection from social groups were more likely to conform (UNSW, ND) and therefore it could be suggested that they may be more likely to attempt to fit into the norms surrounding them. This links back to the influence the media is thought to have upon the prevalence of eating disorders. It is thought that significant life events such as childhood sexual abuse and parental loss can play a part in the cause of eating disorders, this is sometimes be down to a lack of, or poor quality of support given after a person experiences such events (Nauert, 2012). Studies have shown that approximately 30 percent of eating disorder sufferers had experienced childhood sexual abuse. Significant events such as these are thought to affect the individuals ability to cope with difficult situations and issues during their adult life (Abraham Llewellyn-Jones, 2001, pp.68 -69). This struggle to cope during adult life is thought to be due to the fact that unmanaged emotions and memories frequently resurface, triggered by sounds or particular situations (VictimSupport, ND). These life events are also thought to cause the victim to feel a loss of control (VictimSupport, ND) which some victims then regain through the control of their eating. Although studies have shown that approximately 30 percent of eating disorder sufferers had been abused during their childhood, as stated by Connors and Morse (1993) Child sex abuse is neither necessary nor sufficient for the development of an eating disorder (cited in Ogden, 2010, p.251). Therefore, childhood sexual abuse is not considered a cause but a potential risk factor for the development of an eating disorder (Ogden, 2010, p.251). While the Significant Events Theory has strength in the fact that it addresses past events experienced by the eating disorder sufferer, the theory fails to explain why many victims of childhood sexual abuse do not develop an eating disorder, nor can the theory explain the increase in the amount of eating disorders cases today (Ogden, 2010, p.252). Through the discussion of potential causes of eating disorders the question arises as to whether such disorders are caused by nature or nurture? Evident from the causes discussed, although it can be suggested that different personality types can cause people to be susceptible to an eating disorder, it is also dependent on the environment in which the individual lives or has previous experience of. For example, it is unlikely that without the presence of other contributing factors such as the medias portrayal of the ideal body or a significant life event that the individual will engage in disordered eating. The effects of an eating disorder are specific to the individual and can come in a range of forms including psychological, biological, physical and social. Psychologically, sufferers of an eating disorder can sometimes develop symptoms indicating depression and anxiety; it is thought that sufferers are also at risk for self harm and in some cases, suicidal behaviour (McCallum, ND). This is evident in an article from The Guardian written by Louisa Harvey, a recovering eating disorder sufferer. Louisa claims that she suffered from depression as a result of her disorder and thought about suicide daily (Harvey, 2007). Depression, as a consequence of Anorexia Nervosa and other eating disorders, could potentially be caused by the underlying difficult emotions suppressed by the disorder. However, the anxiety and depression experienced by Bulimia Nervosa sufferers is thought to be caused by the guilt believed to be felt as a result of the eating binges. Although, as previously mentioned, dep ression is recognised as a possible cause of eating disorders it is in fact suggested that depression is more commonly seen as an effect of these disorders, rather than the cause (Abraham Llewellyn-Jones, 2001, p.192). Similarities can be drawn between the effects of famine and Anorexia Nervosa in that starvation of any kind results in the brain shrinking. This is understood to be caused by dehydration and under-nutrition and is believed to cause changes in an individuals personality (Abraham Llewellyn-Jones, 2001, p.150). These personality changes may include increased irritability, low moods, perfectionism and obsessive-compulsive behaviours (Abraham Llewellyn-Jones, 2001, p.150). Sufferers commonly find it hard to relax and become hyperactive; for some sufferers this results in the individual suffering from insomnia which, if prolonged, causes exhaustion. Poor consumption of food and nutrition are also thought to be the cause of the poor concentration evident in some eating di sorder sufferers (Garner, 2002, p.143) which can affect their lives socially as well as mentally. Sufferers commonly display signs of social withdraw which is possibly as a result of social anxiety experienced by the sufferers (Garner, 2002, p.143). This withdrawal from social situations is likely to impact upon their relationships with other people such as friends and the sufferer may end up being excluded from such relationships. It is believed that many sufferers of eating disorders have an external locus of control. The locus of control concept refers to a persons perception as to where the control of a situation comes from and was developed by Rotter in 1966 (Hayes, 1994, p.452). The concept claims that people with an external locus of control believe that they have little control over situations and believe that most situations are controlled by luck or fate. Aside from the psychological and social consequences of eating disorders, there are also many physical and biological disturbances caused. Changes in a sufferers hormone levels is understood to have significant biological effects on the individual, in particular, a reduced heart rate; this is understood to be caused by the reduced functioning of the thyroid gland (Abraham Llewellyn-Jones, 2001, p.150). Biological effects caused by Anorexia Nervosa include: gum disease, tooth decay, loss of periods and growth of fine hair over the body (GHFED, 2013). These effects are thought to be predominantly caused by malnutrition and the shutting down of body systems, which is done in order to preserve energy in Anorexia Nervosa sufferers. Biological effects specific to Bulimia Nervosa firstly include the fluctuation in weight, which is understood to be caused by eating binges and purging. Purges result in a range of biological effects such as damage to the oesophagus and rotting of the teeth ca used by the stomach acids and burst blood vessels in the eyes and cheeks caused by the frequent purging. Other biological effects, which are specific to Bulimia Nervosa are internal bleeding and complications within the digestive system including ulcers and constipation (GHFED, 2013). The effects of an eating disorder, although predominantly experienced by the sufferer, can also be evident amongst friends and family members of the sufferer. Firstly the family, in particular the parents, may feel a sense of confusion surrounding the reasons behind why their child has developed an eating disorder, especially if the sufferer is unwilling to talk about their disorder. Parents may also feel a sense of anger which may arise from being unable to comprehend the reasons why their child is harming their own body and for putting the family through the worry and stress which comes with an eating disorder. Guilt is thought to be a common emotion felt by the family of a sufferer and this is believed to come from the fact that they feel that they should have been aware of the disorder sooner (Thompson, 2011). Aside from the emotions felt by a sufferers family, it is possible that eating disorders have an impact on a family routine, in particular, meal times; this is because suff erers often withdraw themselves from meal times, making it especially difficult if there are other children in the family. Other siblings of a sufferer may feel neglected as a result of an eating disorder due to the fact that the sufferer will require more attention and special care; it is therefore important for the parents to recognise how the other children may feel and ensure that they are still given the attention that all children need. It is believed that male eating disorder sufferers have been reported since 1689 (Andersen, 2002, p.189). However, throughout literature and the media, eating disorders amongst males are less widely recognised when compared to the recognition of female sufferers. Although studies show that eating disorders are less prevalent amongst men, it is still important that they receive recognition and a fair chance of diagnosis. Studies taken from within communities and clinics show a difference in the ratio of male to female sufferers with 1 males case to every 6 females cases recorded within a community study and a much smaller 10-20 percent of cases being male in clinic studies (Andersen, 2002, p.189). This difference suggests that males are less likely to approach the health services for help or an official diagnosis. This resistance to help could be due to the way men are portrayed in society through stereotypical assumptions such as men are able to cope with emotions. Because of this, m any men may feel like they should be able to cope and may feel embarrassed to approach healthcare services for help. In terms of diagnosis and treatment of male sufferers, Andersen (2002, p.189) states that gender has little influence upon diagnosis and the effectiveness of treatment. However, Lock (2009) argues that males are poorly accommodated in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of eating disorders. Lock (2009) recognises that there is a lack of research into whether or not males and females respond differently to treatments and acknowledges that much of the criteria and the methods used for assessment and treatment of an eating disorder are based upon females and their body structure. A study carried out in The New York Hospital by Braun et al (1999) was predominantly carried out to compare the disorder diagnosis, age at admission, age at onset and duration of the eating disorder. Admissions of 51 males and 693 females were recorded between 1984 and 1987 and data from these cases showed that the onset of eating disorders within males commonly occurred at later stage when compared to fema les; approximately 21 years of age for males and 17 years of age for females (Braun et al, 1999). The results of the study also showed that many of the male sufferers were participants in sports where performance was influenced by body shape (Braun et al, 1999). The study also addressed the admission rates of males with eating disorders between 1984 and 1996 and the data showed a significant increase in male admissions from 0 percent 1984 to 11 percent of eating disorder cases being male in 1993 (Braun et al, 1999). It could be suggested that if the number of male eating disorder cases continues to rise, as suggested by Lock (2009), more research into the diagnosis and treatment of eating disorders amongst males should be carried out. The type of and way in which treatment is delivered to a sufferer of an eating disorder will be specific to the individual and type of eating disorder. The general outcome desired through treatment of Anorexia Nervosa is weight gain, for Bulimia Nervosa the aim of treatment is to reduce the desire or need to binge-eat (MFMER, 2012b). Although there are a variety of psychological treatments including Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Interpersonal Psychotherapy and Family Therapy it is understood that Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is the most widely used treatment for eating disorders (Fairburn, 2002, p.308); commonly referred to as CBT-E (Enhanced CBT) in these cases. This type of therapy is popular as it is thought to be perfectly matched for treating these disorders, because CBT-E strives to implement cognitive change and eating disorders are believed to be disorders of cognitive functioning (Fairburn, 2008, p.23). CBT-E is also thought to be an appropriate therapy for eating di sorders because it can easily be adapted to treat different eating disorder types (Fairburn, 2013). This adaptable quality is important as it is widely understood that eating disorder sufferers do not suffer from just one type, but instead shift between different behaviours associated with different eating disorders once they are locked in to the thought cycle of eating disorders (Fairburn, 2013). There are four stages of CBT-E and the frequency of treatment sessions declines throughout these stages (Fairburn, 2008, p.24). Stage one involves engaging and educating the client about the eating disorder in order to broaden their understanding in preparation for treatment and implementing regular eating patterns (Fairburn, 2002, p.305). It is during stage one that a formulation is created; this is based on the potential underlying processes causing the eating disorder, which allows the therapist to understand which areas need targeting through therapy (Fairburn, 2008, p.24). During stag e two, the therapist and the client continually review the therapy and adapt to any new problems which may have become apparent; these are added into the formulation and addressed in following sessions (Fairburn, 2008, p.25). Stage three is where the main contributing factors to the eating disorder are addressed. These factors are often the barriers preventing the client from having already recovered and will be specific to the individual; this stage is thought to have the biggest impact within treatment (Fairburn, 2008, p.25). The final stage, four, is focused upon preparing the client for the end of treatment. During this stage the client and therapist work together to set manageable goals for maintaining the cognitive shift achieved and implementing a plan for dealing with potential setbacks in the clients progress (Fairburn, 2002, p.305). There are many strengths of CBT-E including the fact that it can be adapted to treat a range of eating disorders and clients of different ages (Fairburn, 2008, p.23). Another strength of CBT-E is that its dropout rates are low, with just 15-20 percent dropout rates recorded in many healthcare centres (Fairburn, 2002, p.306). This suggests that it is a treatment which continually engages the client and it could also be suggested that the frequent review of sessions enables the therapist to understand the clients specific need and adapt sessions to suit these; resulting in a potentially good relationship between the client and therapist. Another strength of CBT-E comes from the fact that in most cases it aims to address many aspects of an eating disorder (Fairburn, 2002, p.306), dealing with the causes of the disorder rather than just the symptoms, as drugs are commonly recognised for. This holistic approach to treatment provided by CBT-E supplies a more long term treatment in comparison to drug treatments but may not be suited to individuals who struggle to remain motivated and engaged with the therapy. The success rate of recovery is also high for CBT-E and as discussed by Fairburn (2013), this is shown through a study carried out in Copenhagen by Poulsen et al (Fairburn, 2013). This study showed that CBT-E had a 60 percent success rate which was reviewed and recorded for 24 months and sustained its success during this time (Fairburn, 2013). Occupational therapy (OT) is a management strategy used with sufferers of eating disorders and is often used within eating disorder services. An occupational therapist usually works as part of a multidisciplinary team and aims to provide and encourage a balance between the eating disorder and other meaningful occupations such as socialising, hobbies or other interests in the daily life of sufferers (Clemmer, 2009). An occupational therapist will collaborate with a client in order to set realistic goals of the therapy to suit the individuals needs. Following this, a treatment plan is then created which may involve planning meals and snacks, developing or learning new skills or arranging participation in a range of activities which interest the client. The fact that OT addresses all aspects of an individual and their surrounding environment and works with these, means that the therapy is very client focused and adaptable to meet individual requirements (COT, 2011); this potentially res ults in a more effective outcome when compared to more standardised and less personalised treatments. To conclude, although eating disorders are often mentioned within the media, they are frequently unexplained and therefore misunderstood by many members of the public. Eating disorders come in a range of forms from Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, binge eating, unspecified eating disorders and exercise disorders. Eating disorders are believed to commonly be triggered by an individual experiencing a situation or emotion which is difficult to deal with psychologically and t